TOPIC 4: EXOGENIC PROCESSES OF THE EARTH – ADVANCED PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Concept of Exogenic processes, Weathering, Mass Wasting, Wind Action in deserts and resulting landforms, Water Action in deserts and resulting landforms, Water Action in Karst region and resulting landforms, River Action and resulting landforms, Waves Action and resulting landforms, Tides, Coast.
EXOGENIC PROCESSES OF THE EARTH
SUBTOPIC I
SUBTOPIC II
SUBTOPIC III
SUBTOPIC IV
RIVER ACTION AND RESULTING LANDFORMS
SUBTOPIC V
WAVE / MARINE ACTION AND RESULTING LANDFORMS
SUBTOPIC VI
WIND/AEOLIAN ACTION IN DESERT AND RESULTING LANDFORMS
SUBTOPIC VII
FLUVIAL / WATER ACTION IN THE DESERTS AND RESULTING LANDFORMS
SUBTOPIC VIII
WATER ACTION IN KARST REGION AND RESULTING LANDFORMS
SUBTOPIC IX
SUBTOPIC X
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REVISION QUESTIONS
1. Road construction engineers were exploring places where they could establish quarrying sites. Suprissingly, they found clean and recently broken rock surfaces on a virgin land. What might have caused the rock surface to crumble?
2. Imagine that there is an area of land where weathering has caused damage. Describe ways to reduce weathering damage on that area.
3. How would physical weathering probably be affected if there were bo biological and chemical weathering?
4. High risks of mass wasting are predominant in highlands than in lowlands areas. Argue for this statement.
5. As an environmental officer, what guidance will you provide to lessen the occurrence of landslides in your community?
6. With the aid of a diagram, explain why wind is considered the major factor of erosion in desert areas?
7. For centuries, tourists from different parts of the World travel to the Saharan desert to view natural scenes of the desert. As a desert tour guide, how would you describe the origin of wind related tourist attractions found in the area?
8. With the aid of diagrams, clearly explain the distinctive features formed by fluvial action in the desert.
9. Despite karst region being characterized by scant vegetation and poor soil, it has socio-economic significance. Explain.
10. Why is the construction of a dam of hydroelectric production not ideal near the river mouth?
11. How do river functions affect its landscape?
12. “Geological differences and environmental dynamics along the river are the main factors affecting a river to reach a state of dynamic equilibrium” Justify this statement.
13. Describe the significance of an Ox-bow lakes.
14. How constructive waves can enhance economic development of a country?
15. Discuss the importance of tidal waves on the livelihoods of communities living along the East African Coast.
16. Explain the influence of human activities on the development and distribution of coral reefs.
17. The shape of the coast of Indian Ocean has never remained the same; it gradually changes due to anthropogenic forces. Explain
18. With the aid of a world map, illustrate the geographical distribution of areas with high and low salinity.
19. What are the main types of sand dunes?
20. What are the major factors affecting the morphology of sand dunes?
21. Chemical and mechanical weathering are dependant to one another. Substantiate
22. Inspite the low humidity and low rainfall in desert areas, water is nevertheless the dominant agent of erosion and deposition. Discuss
23. Explain how chemical or solution erosion can act as one of the processes of the river erosion.
24. Deposition is the function of a river which is determined by the failure of transportation. Justify
25. Describe the mechanism for the occurrence of river piracy.
26. The coastal zone is undergoing constant changes. Justify with viviv evidences
27. As a geographer, explain how wave actions modify geomorphology of coastal area
28. Coastal landforms can induce economic prosperity along the coastal areas. Justify
29. Appraise the contribution of the rise and fall of the sea level and land surface to the formation of coasts.
30. Discuss the view that the origin of coral reefs is debatable.
NECTA QUESTIONS ON THEORIES AND EXOGENIC PROCESS FROM NECTA 1973+
NECTA – 1973
With the aid of large sketch map analyses the pattern of relief features of any area (approximately 10-100 sq. km) which you have studied in the field.
To what extent is water erosion responsible for development of the desert landforms?
Compare the effects of glaciation upon upland and lowland areas.
NECTA – 1974
With reference to named examples explain the formation and appearance of the following;
a. Cirque, Pits and Sand bars b. Stalagmite and Stalactite c. Barchans.
To what extent is wind action responsible for formation of landforms?
NECTA – 1975
Distinguish between rock weathering and erosion.
NECTA – 1976
With reference to named examples examine the features resulting from marine erosion.
NECTA – 1977
What are the main factors that determine the resistance of a rock to weathering and erosion?
NECTA – 1980
Account for the landforms due to wind erosion.
NECTA – 1982
Either a. State the theory of Isostacy. Apprise the theory as the basis in explaining the formation of major landforms on the Earth’s surface.
Examine the role of water in weathering process.
NECTA – 1983
Carefully distinguish between weathering and mass wasting.
NECTA – 1984
Discuss the erosional features associated with alpine glaciation.
“The advance of desert in Tropical Africa is not a natural calamity”. In view of this statement show how man has aided desertification in tropical Africa.
NECTA – 1985
Give an account of the following; a. Cirque b. Barchans c. Antecedent drainage.
Examine the role of waves on the development of shoreline features.
NECTA – 1986
What do you understand by the term mass wasting? Briefly examine the factors affecting the nature and speed of mass wasting.
Examine the main features resulting from river erosion.
What is the glacier erosion? Describe the main glacier erosion landforms.
Discuss the role of wind in the development of desert landforms.
NECTA – 1987
Review the principles that explain the occurrence of glacier period.
NECTA – 1988
Examine the role of rivers as agents of erosion.
Write on the theory of continental drift.
Outline the main characteristics of the hot deserts.
NECTA – 1989
With examples analyze the main factors leading to the desertification in Africa.
NECTA – 1990
In which parts of the world and for what reasons is mechanical weathering a dominant process?
Account for the formation of the following; a. Yazoo stream b. Wadis c. Atolls.
NECTA – 1991
Discuss the factors that controls the rate and types of weathering.
What do you understand by the theory of isostacy?
Give explanatory notes on the following; a. Moraine b. Piedmont c. Firn d. Avalanches.
NECTA – 1992
Distinguish between weathering and erosion as agents of land sculpture.
Examine the formation of main coastal features due to marine deposition.
Distinguish between the following; a. Geysers and hot spring. b. Static and dynamic rejuvenation c. Lateral and medial moraines.
NECTA – 1993
Mountain makes their own climate, discuss.
Outline the main features of glaciated low land area.
Discuss the causes and effects of earth quakes.
NECTA – 1994 37
Account for the location of hot deserts.
Describe the formation of the following features; a. Caves and blow hole b. Wave cut platforms c. Spits and bars d. Beaches.
Discuss the main factors which determine the speed and nature of mass wasting.
To what extent is water an agent of erosion in arid areas.
NECTA – 1995
Define the following terms: a. Canyon b. Estuarine coast c. Superimposed drainage d.
Antecedent drainage.
Examine the significance of temperature changes in mechanical weathering.
NECTA – 1996
“There are many erosive and depositional features of alpine glaciation some of which are of importance to man”. Justify this statement (Diagrams not required).
With the help of diagrams, account for the wind action in arid and semi-arid regions.
Describe the features produced by marine deposition.
NECTA – 1998
Give an account of wave erosional features.
NECTA – 1999
Give an account on the difference between Chemical and Physical Weathering.
Write short notes on any four of the following:
(a) Effects of soil erosion (b) Blow hole (c) Flood plain (d) Yazoo stream (e) Exfoliation (f) Oxbow lake.
NECTA – 2000
a. Define rock cycle b. Explain and give evidence which supports its existence.
Give detailed account of the formation and distribution of geysers.
Discuss the geomorphological action of water in shaping desert landforms.
Discuss the classification of mass movements. What are the controlling factors in mass wasting?
The theory of continental drift is irrelevant to the African continent. Discuss.
NECTA – 2001
Using specific examples for each, contrast the effects of glaciation upon upland area and lowland area.
NECTA – 2002
(a) Discuss the causes of movements of tectonic plates along their margins. (b) What evidences support plates movement?
Briefly discuss the conditions that produce hot springs and geysers.
By using vivid examples, examine causes and effects of Earthquakes.
Give an account of fluvial landforms formed by deposition.
NECTA – 2003
Discuss the role played by climate on weathering process.
NECTA – 2004
Describe the evolution of a coastal land as a result of wave.
(a) Give an account of the characteristics features of a desert landform.
(b) Use clear examples to explain human and physical factors that influence the formation of a desert.
NECTA – 2005
Describe the geological structure which lead to the formation of waterfalls.
Use expressive examples to narrate the roles of plate tectonics theory on the formation of landforms.
Investigate the theories which aspire to describe the occurrence of glacial periods.
Consider the global distribution of volcanoes and discuss; (a) Types of volcanoes (b) Eruptive features of volcanoes.
NECTA – 2006
Examine the factors which influence the rate of coastal wave erosion.
With the aid of diagrams write short notes on any four of the following:
(a) Atoll (b) Mesa and Buttes (c) Geo (d) Zone of subduction (e) Rias (f) Eskers.
To what extent can the theory of plate tectonic explain the present landforms in East Africa?
NECTA – 2007
Write short notes on the formation of the following features:
(a) Cirque (b) Roche mountonee (c) Crag and tail (d) Kettle hole.
Examine the interdependence nature between weathering and erosion when shaping the earth’s surface.
Examine the various pieces of evidence of Isostacy Theory.
NECTA – 2008
Outline the pieces of evidence that support the theory of plate tectonics.
With examples, classify sedimentary rocks according to their mode of formation and examine their importance to humankind.
NECTA – 2009
“Plate tectonic theory is a new version of continental drift theory”. Elaborate.
Examine how the following wind depositional features are formed in the desert landscape: (a) Barchans (b) Longitudinal dunes (c) Transverse dunes
NECTA – 2010 – S.C
Differentiate the following features/concepts: (a) Delta and Ria (b) Static and Dynamic rejuvenation (c) Hot spring and thermal spring (d) Medial and Lateral moraines
“Mechanical and chemical weathering in the tropics are related and influenced by the same factors”. Discuss.
Examine the possible theories of mountain building.
NECTA – 2011 – S.C
With the aid of the diagrams, give an account on the erosional features associated with alpine glaciation.
NECTA – 2011 – P.C
Explain the geomorphic action of wind in shaping desert landforms.
NECTA – 2013
‘Glaciated regions are not that bad’. Justify.
NECTA – 2014
Describe five causes of plate tectonics movement and prove its existence by providing four evidences.
NECTA – 2015 – P .C
Explain specific processes in chemical weathering and describe how temperature and rainfall controls weathering.
NECTA – 2016
Analyse the causes of the plate’s movements of the lithosphere.
NECTA 2017
With vivid examples,
describe three stages in the formation of a delta.
explain three conditions necessary for the formation of the delta.
NECTA – 2021
In a Form Five classroom, a Geography teacher stated that, “Sedimentary rocks are said to be both industrial raw materials and sources of energy”. Support the teacher’s statement in eight points.
“Coastal landforms are significance to human lives”. Justify this statement in six points.
NECTA 2022
You are invited by villages from Lwandai Village Lushoto District who wonder why muds flow from the mountains to their settlements. In six points, educate them on the causes of the situation.
NECTA – 2024
Qn. Ahmed was travelling with his uncle to Sahara desert. He was surprised to hear from his uncle that, there are features formed due to water action in the deserts. With the aid of diagrams, demonstrate to him six water erosional features that are formed by water action in the area they visited.
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