Chapter 1: Pan-Africanism – History Form Five Notes New Syllabus
The development of Pan-Africanism in Africa is directly linked to the history of the development of capitalism in Europe and the Americas. In this chapter, you will learn about the concept and origin of Pan-Africanism. You will also learn about the origin and development of Pan-Africanism from the 15,* the 200 to 21″ centuries. The competencies developed will enable you to appreciate the initiatives taken by the Africans towards setf-determination. You will also be able to respect and value African identity, dignity, and freedom.
PAN- AFRICANISM
- The concept of Pan-Africanism
- Slavery and Pan-Africanism in the 15 to 19 centuries.
- The rise of Trans-Atlantic slave trade
- The emergence of African-Americans in America.
- Black solidarity and the back to Africa movement.
- Pan-Africanism from 1900-1960.
- From pan Africanism to the organization of African unity (OAU).
- Pan-Africanism since 1960’s.
THE CONCEPT OF PAN AFRICANISM
The term Pan —Africanism was derived from two words ‘ ‘pan” to mean ALL and “Africa” to mean CONTINENT
Pan —Africanism —is a belief that African people have in common including common identity, culture, destiny and shared history of colonialism and imperialism.
OR
Is the movement formed to all people of African origin world wide in order to fight against colonialism, discrimination and oppression
This movement originated in Caribbean islands, USA and other part of the new world under the influence of social, economic , cultural and political factors.
It focused on strengthening the solidarity of all black people.
FOUNDER OF PAN-AFRICANISM
Edward Wilmot Blyden(1832-1912) and later strengthened by Henry Sylvester William (1869-1911)both from the Caribbean.
OBJECTIVES OF PAN- AFRICANISM
To restore black identity and dignity.
African identity and dignity which had been lost for long time due to slave trade and slavery in the new world had to be restored by PanAfricanism
To promote unity and solidarity among Africans
Due to slave trade and slavery Africans were scattered in many parts of the world and they faced economic, political and social discrimination. So the movement at to unite them for liberation and attaining racial equality.
To liberate African countries from colonial rule
This was made clear during Manchester conference of 1945 which called African solidarity to end colonial domination. After the conference, the activities of Pan-Africanism shifted to Africa and its major success was the independence of Ghana in 1957
To promote inter-continental cooperation
This was to be done under the framework of international bodies eg. UNO and OAU. This was seen as a way to involve people of African origin in international affairs for Joint struggle against oppression and segregation
To struggle for equal opportunities
It struggled for equal opportunities in the economy of USA, the Caribbean and wherever people of African origin lived.
To re-awaken the Blackman’s awareness
This was to make black people realise their position in the world as oppressed, exploited, humiliated and disrespected person by capitalist nations. This would arouse their desire to fight for their liberation
To campaign against racial segregation among the people of African origin
IMPORTANCE OF PAN-AFRICANISM
It promotes unity and solidarity among people of African origin
This is able to overcome divisions created by colonialism and promote cooperation for common goal for example, social justice, economic development and political liberation
It struggles against oppression, racism and colonialism
It provides a framework for resistance movements across the African continent and among the African diaspora. It has empowered individuals and groups to challenge the system of oppression and proclaim their rights
It celebrates cultural heritage of Africa and promote cultural exchange
It emphasises the importance of African history, language, traditions, ideals and values which were often supressed during the period of enslavement.
It promotes the need to research African history, literature and religion
All these acts as a tool to make Africans known to the outside worldfor example, John Bruce researched and wrote about the foundation of human civilization by showing the achievement reached by Africans especially in ancient Egypt and Ethiopia
It promotes economic liberation and development
It advocates for fair trade, resource sovereignty and equal distribution of wealth to address poverty, inequality and underdevelopment. By fostering economic cooperation, investment and entrepreneurship, Pan —Africanism seeks to create opportunities and reduce dependence on external powers
Political empowerment and self-determination for African nations
Pan Africanism seeks to eliminate neo-colonial structure, promote democracy and advance the interests of African nations on the global stage by fostering political awareness and proper leadership
QUIZ
QN. Explain the major target of pan Africanism in implementing its responsibilities. Give six points
SLAVERY AND PAN- AFRICANISM FROM 15C TO 19C
Slavery -Is a situation in which a person is legally owned and treated by another as an object of labour.
The historical development of pan Africanism from 15 century to 19 century is linked to the development of slavery and trans- Atlantic slave trade in Africa.
The Portuguese were the first European to take slaves from west Africa , where by Antao Goncalves was the first Portuguese sailor to buy Africans along west African coast in
PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED BY AFRICAN SLAVES DURING SLAVE TRADE AND SLAVERY
1. They were denied civil rights
The people of African origin were not recognised as legal citizen of USA. Hence, they were not protected by the law and were denied a right to participate in political matters eg voting or to be voted,
2. They were exploited
They suffered from untold exploitation of long working hours and child labour as children of 13 years old were overworked. As slaves were not paid and after slavery were lowly paid, tortured, poorly housed and suffered from employment discrimination
3. They were denied right to own properties
Black people were not allowed to own any property of any kind like land and houses. The aim was to keep them under the state of poverty and maintain their dependence on the whites to maintain exploitation.
4. They lacked security at work
People of African origin were not assured with protective gears like boots and gloves. This made them vulnerable to accidents. They also had poor accommodations and transport
5. Racial segregation by law
There were separate facilities and services such as schools, shops, buses, houses and jobs for whites and blacks. Characteristically, those for the blacks were of poor quality. Africans were regarded as people who deserve no respect. They were denied better social services.
The people of African origin were provided with poor services like health and education to keep them under poor living standard and maintain their dependence on the whites through which exploitation was sustained. Eg low education was provided to blacks to keep them unaware of their rights
THE ORIGIN OF TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, this was slave trade conducted by Europeans across Atlantic Ocean. It involved three continents Africa, America and Europe.
It can be traced as far back as 14 century when Europe was disturbed by bubonic plague, famine and epidemic diseases.
These disasters killed many people causing severe shortage of labour in sectors like agriculture in Europe
This made Europeans to see Africa as the best solution to labour shortage as a result trans -Atlantic slave trade started
REASONS FOR EUROPEAN PREFERENCE FOR AFRICAN SLAVE LABOUR IN ANERICA
1. Cheapness of African slaves
They were cheap than European indentured labourers who had to be paid at the end of their contacts usually in forms of piece of land or precious metals (gold and silver). Also, European slaves were criminals who could be released at the end of their sentences
2. Fear to depopulate European countries
European states could not allow large number of labour to the new world in fear of under populating their countries. Depopulation was dangerous to capitalist development and political stability of their nations. Large populations were needed at home to provide market, cheap labour and defence
3. The racial factors
The Europeans were considered as master race destined to rule others especially inferior race particularly Africans. So, Europeans believed that because they were superior race were not for manual(donkey) jobs but other races particularly Africans.
4. Climatic factor
The climate in the tropics was hard for European labour to work due to high temperature since Europe has lower temperature. Besides being taken from the tropics in Africa, African slaves had proved to be adaptive to different climatic condition
5. European labour knew their rights and demanded for them
Example the right to bargain for better pay and demand for better working conditions. Similarly, they were protected by their states’ laws against mistreatment. They could sue their employers for misconception.
6. Africans paved to be more physically fit and more resistant to diseases
African slaves could handle the hard work and torture in mines and plantations like long hours of work with heavy duties than the European and red Indian labour. Likewise, Africans were less susceptible to diseases like small pox and syphilis brought from Europe and tropical diseases like malaria
7. Indians -American could escape from slave masters
This is because they were familiar with the environment, while African slaves could easily remain in the locality since they did not know much about the environment.
8. Indian- Americans were hunters and gatherers
Due to this they were not experienced in working on the land contrary to African slaves who were experienced cultivators and could tolerate long working hours in the field
DISCUSSION
How far slave trade was profitable to Europe. Give six points
THE RISE OF TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
The trans-Atlantic slave trade started following the activities of the European merchants and geographers who came to Africa and America around 15 century.
This trade also called triangular trade or circuit trade that involved three continent Africa, America and Europe.
Commodities involved in trade includes slaves, ivory, timber, gum, bee wax, animal skin and spices.
America supplied raw materials like tobacco, cotton, indigo and sugar cane to European industries.
Europe produced manufactured good and Africa was a source of slaves. Slaves were transported from the interior to the coastal centres or ports e.g. Axim, Elmina, Bissau, Christiansburg, Cape castle, Whydah(Benin), Lagos, Bonny and old Calabar.
FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE
1. Development of maritime technology
The technology helped to make high sea going vessels and compass direction to direct voyages. Advancement this technology made overseas journey easier to contact distant lands and allowed easy transportation of goods across high seas.
2. Discovery of the new world
It was discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492. the new found lands were discovered to be greater economic importance to promote colonisation by European states like England, Spain, France and Portugal to exploit the rich resources. The need for cheap labour led to enslavement of Africans.
3. Low machine making technology
By the 15 century no significant machines had been inverted to handle vigorous tasks in mines and plantations. Machines in use were inefficient to meet the increasing demands of the mercantile states which were in competition. Due to that a large amount of cheap and reliable labour was to be availed from Africa to work in plantations and mines.
4. Profitability in trade in slaves
Europeans acquired profit in dealing with slaves. Slaves were acquired cheaply in exchange of cheap manufactured good e.g. guns and cloths acquired from Europe and exchanged for expensive items e.g. bullions and other raw martials like sugar, tobacco and tea which were needed in Europe
5. The male played by African chiefs
They took all the risk in slave raids in the interior and transported them to the coast where the European merchants found them to be exchanged for cheap goods like fire arms that local rulers and traders needed from them.
6. Nearness of the Atlantic coast.
Geographically the Atlantic coast of Africa is closer to western Europe, the west indies and America. With shorter sea journey, European merchants made more trade trips annually and reduced risks of long sea journeys. By that more slaves were annually transported to the new world and more bullions and raw materials from the new world to Europe.
ENERGENCE OF AFRICAN-ANERICANS IN AERICA
The massive shipping of the African slaves to the new world began early in the 16 century and continued until the last quarter of 19 century.
By 1650 and 1900, 10.2 million enslaved Africans arrived in the America from different African areas like Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Togo, Benin, Nigeria etc. Due to this West Africa was the largest source of slaves.
FACTORS FOR THE EMERGENCE OF AFRICAN -AMERICANS IN AMERICA
- Advancement of marine technology
- Discovery of the new world
- Mercantilism
- Low machine technology
- The profitability of Trans-Atlantic slave trade
- Difficulties faced with earlier labour forms
- The role played by African local chiefs
- The prior knowledge about Africans ‘ abilities by the Europeans
- The proximity of west Africa to Europe
LIBERATION STRUGGLE BY AFRICAN-ANERICANS
African- Americans resisted capitalist exploitation and this came to be known as Black American Nationalism.
So, Black American nationalism was the struggle of the people of African origin for freedom as well as civil and equal rights in America
Their struggle started under the influence of Virginia Assembly of 1619 and was accelerated by American war of independence of 1776
METHODS [WAYS USED BY PEOPLE OF AFRICAN ORIGIN TO STRUGGLE
1. Street demonstrations
The methods involved organising peaceful street marching to demonstrate their displeasure of condition of life they forced to live. They carried posters(banners) displaying their demands for equal rights, freedom and end of segregation.
2. The use of boycotts
This took the form of rejection and separation. They could reject public buses and meeting and shops and restaurants ran by whites. For example, after the arrest of black woman, Rosa parks after her refusal to get up out of her seat for a white person to sit on a bus at Montgomery, a boycott of all Montgomery buses started.
3. The use violence
The blacks used militant approach to defend themselves from dangerous assault by white oppressions. Riots were organised by the blacks and their defensive militant movements like the black panther to defend themselves from attacks and counteract the whites ‘ terrorist movements like the Ku Klux Klan which murdered blacks.
4. The use of art
Through song, plays, drama and drawings the people of African origin expressed their unhappiness caused by oppression and segregation by whites. Black arts in the world showed their bitterness through songs. Famous arts include Robert (Boh) Marley, a Jamaican singer and other Rasta Farris who sang for freedom and end of segregation.
5. The use of literature and mass medias
Educated blacks published magazines, newspapers, journals, pamphlets and books to sensitise the public about the sufferings of people of African origin and to mobilise them in the struggle for their freedom and rights. For example, Marcus Garvey published a weekly newspaper called the Negro world and Dubois edited a magazine called “the crisis” through which they spread awareness.
6. The use of slogans
They were designed by the black educated leaders to inspire the blacks to struggle for liberation against oppression by whites for example Marcus Garvey raised a slogan ‘ it is better to die free than to live a slave’ to black struggle for freedom.
7. Mass meetings and public rallies
These were to mobilise public support in the struggle for their freedom. Both blacks and whites were invited into mass rallies on which black leaders expressed their desire for the end of segregation. Famous rallies were organised by Malcom X and Martin Luther King Junior
FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF AFRO-AMERICAN NATIONALISM
1. Extreme exploitation and oppression
People of African origin were overworked for long hours. While in slavery they were not paid at all and after slavery worked for lower pay. On top of that, they faced torture and all sorts of inhuman punishments and attacks including lynching and amputation. These injustices raised their awareness to struggle for freedom
2. Feeling of homelessness
This took two faces; one is the poor housing and living conditions. They experienced hopeless living of
NB. The liberation of Afro- Americans from capitalist domination and exploitation was supported by the following Afro-American leaders
FREDERICK DOUGLASS 1818-1895)
- He was African American reformer, abolitionist and writer
- He was born as a slave and worked in Maryland as a slave before he escaped and became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and new York
- He was an integrationist who wanted African American to be integrated into American society politically and economically
- He struggled for political equality between Afro- Americans and others after the abolition of slavery in USA.
BOOKER TALIAFERRO WASHINGTON (1856-1915)
- He was African American educator, author and orator
- He was born into slavery and rose to become a leading African intellectual of 19 century
- He was the founder of the Tuskegee normal and industrial institute (now Tuskegee university) in 1881
- He served as adviser to several presidents of united states
- He advocated for economic progress through attainment of industrial vocation skills
- He believed that Africans had to acquire first the economic power in order to get political power.
WILLIAM EDWARD BURGHARDT DUBOIS(1868-1963)
- He was African —American sociologist, historian, author and editor
- He was an important leader Afro-American struggle in the USA
- He wanted Africans to attain political power for integration into American society.
- He formed organization of Nation Association for Advancement of the coloured people.
- He involved in organising pan African congress eg. Manchester conference of 1945.
MARCUS MOSIAH AURELIUS GARVEY
- He was a Jamaican and a leader of pan Africanist movement.
- He did not advocate for the integration of Afro-Americans into American society.
- He wished to build up separate culture and power for black people world wide.
- He came up with ‘Back to Africa movement’.
- He formed Universal Negro Improvement Association(UNIA) in 1916 and lasted until 1927.
- He was jailed in 1923 after he was found guilty of forgery.
- He was rele3ased in 1925 after being pardoned by US president and in 1927 he was deported to Jamaica.
EDWARD WLMOT BLYDEN (1832-1912)
- He was born in St. Thomas, Virgin Island, in the Caribbean’s.
- He was the Liberian educator, writer diplomat and politician who was primarily active in west Africa
- He joined the waves of black immigrants who migrated to Liberia in 1850
- He dignified African personality and condemned white superiority and exploitation of black people
- He wanted the people of African origin to dismantle white superiority complex by showing their ability to manage themselves
BLACK SOLIDARITY AND BACK TO AFRICAN MOVENIENT
Black solidarity refers to the spirit of togetherness and cooperation among the oppressed and exploited people of African origin in America
The philosophy of black solidarity led to the formation of Back to Africa movement.
BACK TO AFRICA MOVEMENT
This was organised action founded by Marcus Garvey in the early 20 of century of 1920 to move people of African origin from America to Africa.
The emigration of African Americans to Africa was considered as a solution to the problems they were facing in the diaspora.
Garvey organised thousands of Africans who wished to come back to Africa because he believed that the blacks in the new world could find a true home in Africa.
The migration started in the early 1800’s after the formations of American Colonization Society (ACS) in 1816.
The first attempt to take slaves in Africa was done in 1820 when some ex-slaves were taken to Sierra Leone, but the died of tropical diseases.
In 1847, the ACS founded the Republic of Liberia and many Afro- American ex-slaves emigrated there.
OBJECTIVES OF BACK TO AFRICA MOVEMENT
1. To liberate people of African origin from whites’ oppression, exploitation and other injustices in America
Marcus Garvey and his followers believed the genuine freedom for the blacks could only be achieved by moving back to Africa
2. To promote awareness among people of African origin
That is to make the black people in world think of their position as downgraded and oppressed people so as to stimulate them fight for their rights and freedom.
3. To promote unity among people of African origin
The campaign to move people of African origin back to Africa focused to encourage cooperation and fraternal alliance of all black and closured people in diaspora and Africa basing on natural assistance and common ancestry against whites ‘ domination, exploitation and oppression.
4. To restore and stimulate dignity of people of African origin
This was to make the world accept them as people who deserve respect and equal treatment like another race in the world.
5. To improve living condition of black people
This was by contributing to their welfare and reduce their dependence to whites. Dependence to whites was keeping the blacks behind and trapping them to white man’s exploitation and oppression
6. To create free state of people of African origin
Whereby they could freely utilize their resources and engage in various economic activities for their own development and development of Africa at large
7. To preserve the culture and beliefs of people of African origin
It was to preserve the culture of black American who had suffered oppression in America. African culture was considered worthy as deserved to be preserved. So back to Africa movement was thought to be the best way of protecting African culture.
ACHIEVENIENTS OF BACK TO AFRICA MOVENIENT
1. Repatriation of Afro- Americans to Africa
Some black Americans who were willing to go back to their home land were transported by Black Star Shipping company which belonged to Marcus Garvey. They settled in Liberia and Sierra Leone. They were given fertile land to cultivate and to establish new settlement.
2. Raised awareness among people of African origin
It contributed in raising self-understanding and need to liberate themselves from whites ‘ oppression and exploitation. The blacks uplifted fact that they were people like the whites hence deserve respect. Such a level boosted morale for their liberation struggle.
3. Consolidation of unity
The movement contributed in solidifying the people of Africa worldwide by consolidating their spirit of togetherness and brotherhood. This was helpful in creating a common struggle for their liberation.
4. Establishment of black people’s fund
The incomes collected by the movement’s association like UNIA and Black Star Shipping Line helped Marcus Garvey open restaurants, laundries and groceries that employed a number of blacks. It improved their economic conditions. The same funds helped in the shifting of some blacks to Africa.
5. Contributed to the development of Liberia
The country was preserved as a free state for the freed slaves and their descendants. Those who were repatriated to Africa by the back to Africa movement were resettled there. They contributed to the development of the country since some of them were skilled labour like teachers and doctors. Garvey raised funds to build infrastructures like hospital, library, police and recreation centres.
6. Inspired the formation of Civil Rights Movement
The failure of the Back to Africa Movement was a motivation factor for Civil Rights movements. The failure meant African Americans had no other alternative than staying in America where they had to fight for recognition as American citizens and win equality, freedom and justice.
7. It energised Pan-African movement
The efforts of the back to Africa movement brought the people of African origin in Africa and diaspora closer. This accelerated the success of pan- Africanism that aimed at uniting all the people of African descent in the world in a joint struggle for liberation from the Whitman’s oppression.
THE PROBLEMS FACED BACK TO AFRICA MOVENIENT
1. Insufficient fund
The movement was too expensive to implement. It needed huge financial resources for buying sufficient ships and licences, pay personnel and also buy essentials like food and medicine for those who would accept moving to Africa. Because the black were poor, they could not raise adequate funds for success of the movement
2. Division among blacks themselves
Some prominent black leaders like William E. B. Dubois opposed Marcus Garvey’s idea of ‘Back to Africa’. They stressed that the blacks born in America had the right to live in America hence opted for the fight for civil rights there other than moving to Africa. Due to this only few were ready to shift to Africa
3. Inadequate skilled personnel
The movement lacked sufficient skilled labour like accountants and managers due to low education provided to Afro- Americans in America. This left a large part of work to be done by one person, Marcus Garvey
4. Corruption among movement officials
It is unfortunate that the movement and its supportive organisation like the UNIA and Black Star Shipping Line faced bankruptcy and collapse resulting from corruption by some officials who misused fund
5. Imprisonment of Marcus Garvey and his deportation
Marcus Garvey was charged with fraud in 1923 to be sentenced to five years imprisonment. Despite being released after two years in 1925, he was deported to Jamaica in 1927 where he was born. His imprisonment and deportation frustrated the success of the back to Africa movement.
6. Low desire for migration to Africa
Majority of the people of African origin were contented to remain in America and instead of migrating back to Africa were determined to fight for civil rights. They felt to have lost a true African identity and so believed that life in Africa would be more difficult for them than in America
7. Opposition from US government and capitalists
The government fully supported the whites who wanted the blacks to remain in America and continue providing them cheap labour. It supported the capitalist to challenge UNIA by high licence charges because the association competed against them for shipping line and market. Open and secret tactics like through terrorist groups like the Ku Klax Klan were used to sabotage the movement
8. Low consciousness
High illiteracy and ignorance levels among the blacks were detrimental to the success of the movement. Many were contented to live a low life in America because they were unaware of their rights and believed that life elsewhere was impossible so had little desire to migrate to Africa. Moreover, some felt to have lost a true African identity to live in Africa
PAN- AFRICANISM FROM 1900-1960
The development of pan Africanism from this period geared towards anti-colonial struggle in Africa.
Pan-African activities operated through conferences. Several conferences were held in various parts of the world 
six congresses were held from 1900 to 1945 as follows
I: THE LONDON CONFERENCE OF 1900
- This was the first pan-African conference held in London from 23 -25
- It was organised by Henry William Sylvester.
- It was attended by various people of African origin including William Dubois who popularised Pan —Africanism
- It had aims such as; v/ To promote unity among people of African origin v/ To act as a forum for protecting Africans against colonial exploitation in Africa
- To create awareness among people of African origin
II. PARIS CONFERENCE 1919
- The conference was organised by William Du bois and Ida Gibbs Hunt.
- It was held in Paris during 1919 after First world war
- It was attended by 50 delegates. The conference drew up the series of recommendations as follows
- The need to abolish slavery and capital punishment for Black people
- The need for African participation in the development of the colonised countries as soon as possible
- The need for international Laws to protect Black people
- The right of Africans to be educated
- The need to prevent the exploitation of the Africans by foreign companies
III. THE BRUSSELS CONFERENCE OF 1921
- The conference brought together 113 delegates. Africa alone had 41 delegates, most of whom came from French colonies
- At the congress Blaise Diagne of Senegal opposed the resolutions passed by his fellow Africans. He advocated for an African role in France
- Participants at the conference especially Du Bois harshly condemned him for his lack of commitment to Africans ‘ interest. The conference did the following
- Condemned racial segregation and demanded equal rights for all people of African origin
- It condemned colonialism and called for self determination for all African states
- It endorsed a document called the “Declaration to the world ” which stipulated that “Equality of all races was the absolute foundation of human advancement in the world whether politically, socially and economically”
IV. LISBON CONFERENCE OF 1923
The conference was held in Lisbon, Portugal for two purposes;
To express its dissatisfaction with Garveyism.
Garvey advocated for the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and African communities Imperial League, in which he declared himself a provisional president of Africa. Some of his fellow objected to declaration.
To protest against the suppression of pan Africanism.
At the end of the congress various resolutions were reached as follows
- Black people should have voice in their governments
- Black people should own land and enjoy its resources
- Black people should have access to free education
- Black People should have a fair trial under established process of Law
V. NEW YORK CONFERENCE OF 1927
It discussed the threat to the world peace caused by the rise of dictatorship in Italy, German and Japan
It was rumoured that Italy was planning to invade and colonise Ethiopia (Abyssinia). Due to this the conference formed an association called the International African Friends of Abyssinia.
This association had two main purposes;
- To arouse sympathy and support for the victims of the fascist aggression in Ethiopia
- To help people of Ethiopia to preserve their territorial integrity and political independence
VI. THE MANCHESTER CONFERENCE OF 1945
This conference was a turning point to African history. It was attended by African students in the 1940s for example, Jomo Kenyatta, Joseph B Danguah, Nkwame Nkrumah, George Padmore, Magnus Williams, Peter Abrahams, Kamzu Banda and Nnamdi Azikiwe
The conference led to the formation of the Pan African Federation of West African. States which vowed to struggle for independence using non-violent means
It attacked indirect rule system calling it an instrument of oppression and exploitation. It condemned the segregationist laws and practices in south africa and the kipande system in kenya
OBJECTIVES OF MANCHESTER CONFERENCE
- To oppose the segregation laws e.g. Kipande system in Kenya and pass law in South Africa
- To advocate for total eradication of colonialism in all forms
- To spread the idea and spirit of nationalism quickly to the young politicians
- To promote awareness among colonised Africans
- To emphasize the formation of political parties in Africa. This would help to spearhead nationalist struggle by uniting African masses
- To promote unity and solidarity among people of African origin
VI. ACCRA CONFERENCE OF 1958
After independence of Ghana, Nkwame Nkrumah and George Padmore organised the first conference of independent African states in Accra, Ghana. Members attended were from countries like Morocco, Tunisia, Libya Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Ghana and Liberia.
This was the first Pan African conference to be held in Africa. The agenda and resolution of the conference cantered on African. The meeting sought to build strong relations among the independent African states.
Anti-colonialism. Members agreed to offer assistance to the liberation movements throughout Africa and to defend their own sovereignty and territorial integrity. 
The relations between Independent Africa and UN. African countries pledged to remain faithful to the UN Charter.
Anti-racism. The conference urged the eradication of all forms of racial discrimination.
Creation of African common wealth or United States of Africa. Nkrumah became a champion of African unity. His efforts led to the formation of OAU in 1963 currently African Union (AU).
NB: According to Nkwame Nkrumah the independence of Ghana was meaningless unless it was linked up with the total Liberation of entire African continent.
QUESTION: Once Nkrumah said “Our independence is meaningless unless it is linked up with the total Liberation ofAfrican continent”. Discuss
FROM PAN-AFRICANISM TO THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY(OAU)
On 25th may 1963, a summit of African Head of states convened in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. That meeting ended with the resolution to create a continental-wide organisation, namely the Organisation of African Unity (OAU)
The idea of forming OAU was supported by African prominent leaders including Haile Selassie (Ethiopia), Nkwameh Nkrumah (Ghana), Ahmed Sekou Toure (Guinea) and Julius Nyerere (Tanganyika).
THE OBJECTIVES OF OAU
- To promote unity and cooperation among African states
- To defend sovereignty and independence.
- It was to safeguard the independence and territorial integrity of African states.
- Eradicate colonialism and apartheid
- To promote economic development. This was through encouraging economic cooperation and self -reliance among African nations.
- To improve living standards of Africans. OAU had to work towards better heath car, education and social progress.
CHAPTER 1: PAN-AFRICANISM – HISTORY FORM FIVE NOTES NEW SYLLABUS
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