INTERPRETING LITERARY WORKS O’LEVEL (FORM I, II, III & IV)

INTERPRETING LITERARY WORKS O’LEVEL (FORM I, II, III & IV)

POETRY ANALYSIS

Refers to the artistic expression of ideas, experience or
events using language characterized by imagery and rhythmical sounds.

Or.

Poetry is the art of rhythmical composition, written or
spoken, for exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts.

IMPORTANT TERMS USED
IN POETRY.

(a) A poet.  This person composes a poem. It can be in a
written or oral form. Some of the poets are Ralf Bitamazire (I love you my
Gentle one), Jwani Mwaikusa (Sun Rise) and Isaac Mruma (You are
Lost).

(b) A poem. It
is a piece of writing in verse form especially expressing deep feelings in an
artistic language. Examples of poems include A Freedom song, Lost Beauty and
Lullaby.

(c) Persona.
This person speaks or narrates in a poem. This is a character of the poem. For
example in the poem “A freedom song”, the persona is
Atieno’s uncle.

(d) Addressee
(Audience).     The persona talks to
this person. For example in the poem “You are Lost” the addressee is a
sister who engages in commercial sex.

(e) A verse.   It is a single line in a poem. Several
verses form a stanza. The following is an example of a verse in a poem:

“I
love you, my gentle one,”

(f) A stanza.
It is the arrangement of verses in a poem, several verses comprising a complete
idea. The following is an example of a stanza.     

Yes,

I want a black beauty queen

With ebony thighs and huge hips

With skin
sweating blackness

And a face dark as the night

And bare breasts bouncing

Vigour and
energy

CHARACTERISTICS OF
POETRY.

(i) Poetry is imaginary.

(ii) Poetry is rhythmical.

(iii) Poetry reflects ideas of people.

(iv) Poetry is rich in figures of speech.

(v) Poetry arouses emotions.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A
POET/POETESS.

(i) He/she must have a great knowledge of human nature.

(ii) He/she must know the problems of his/her society.

(iii)He/she should educate his/her society (audience).

(iv)He/she should have enough knowledge concerning poetry.

(v) He/she has to represent strong feelings.

TYPES OF POETRY.

Poetry can be
narrative, reflective, descriptive, lyric, sonnet or ballad. But all these
types can be classified in to two categories as follows:

(i) The closed form (Traditional poetry).

  These are those
kinds of poetry which strictly follow the old rules of writing a poem. Such old
rules include rhyme pattern, equal number of syllables in each verse and the
length of verses in each stanza.

(ii) The open form
poem. (Free verse/ modern verse).

    This refers to
the kind of poetry which does not follow the old rules of writing a poem. There
is a great variation in the number of syllables in each verse, the length of
verses and the number of verses in each stanza.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN POENTRY AND PROSE (NOVEL & OLA)

POETRY.	PROSE (NOVEL&PLAYS).
{i} Arrangement.    It is arranged in lines and stanzas.	{i} It is arranged in sentences and paragraphs.
{ii} It is very telegraphic.(Economical). It uses a very few words to express many ideas.	{ii} It is very elaborative.  It uses a lot of words to express a few ideas.
{iii} Figures of speech. It employs (uses) figures of speech to a great extent.	{iii} Sometimes, it uses figures of speech but most often uses direct expression.
{iv} Rhythm.  It is more rhythmical as it uses various musical devices. Eg. Rhyme, refrain and assonance.	{iv} Less rhythmical.  It makes use of natural rise and fall of sound pitch and stress when spoken.
{v} Imaginative.  Poetry employs imaginative use of language that is the reason why its message needs interpretation to understand.	{v} It is intellectual dimension of language. Its message can be directly understood.
{vi} Connotation.  It uses connotative (indirect) meaning more than denotative (direct meaning).	{vi} Denotation.  It uses denotative (direct) meaning more than connotative (indirect meaning).
{vii} It is very occasional.  Poetry occurs infrequently (not often).	{vii} It is daily (practical use). It occurs very frequently or regularly.
{Viii} Characterization. The character of a poem is persona who hardly bears a name, hence somehow difficult to recognize.	{Viii} characters in novels and plays bear the names, hence very easy to recognize.

FIGURES OF SPEECH.

Refers to the
words or phrases used in a different way from its usual meaning so as to create
particular mental image or effect. The following are some of the figures of
speech and their examples:

[i] Personification.

This is a
figure of speech in which non-human creatures are given human characteristics
or behaviour. For example in the poem You are Lost “the tenderness” has been given a human character of asking
question.

[ii] Overstatement.
(Hyperbole).

This is the
figure of speech in which a person says something in a way that it seems more
important than it really is. In short it is the saying more than what a person
means.  For example in the poem I
Love you, My Gentle One the persona says “Because you posses my heart” this is overstatement because it is
not possible for a person to possess the other person’s heart.

[iii] Understatement.
(Litotes).
This is the figure of speech in which a person says less than what he/ she
actually means.

[iv] Simile. This is the
figure of speech which compares two different entities or situations by using
comparison entry. For example in the poem Lost Beauty the persona uses simile
when he says:   “..And a face dark as the night…”

[v] Metaphor. This is
the figure of speech which is used to compare two different entities or
situations without using comparison entry. For example in the poem You
Are Lost the persona compares himself with the tool when he says “to you I am now a tool”.

[vi] Irony. This is a
figure of speech in which a person says the opposite of what he/she really
means. For example in the poem Hollow Heads the persona calls his
enemies Friends instead of enemies.

 [vii] Satire.  This is an expression in which a person
becomes ridiculous because of his/her own fool or vice. It can take the form of
irony or sarcasm. The major aim of satire is to change a situation or
behaviour, to educate or just to entertain through humour. For example in the
poem Lost
Beauty the persona uses satire by calling his black sisters “Awful fakes of White females” and “White masks”.

[viii] Sarcasm.  This refers to the bitter statement which
intends to hurt or humiliating someone in order to make him or her angry or
unhappy.

[ix] Euphemism.  It is a word, phrase or statement which is
used instead of the one that sounds harsh, unpleasant or obscene.

[x] Symbolism.  It is a case in which an entity in a work of
art refers to another different entity or situation. For example in the poem Your
pain “blood” symbolizes the
existence of armed struggle and sacrifice.

[xi] Apostrophe.    It is an explanation whereby a person is
addressing an absent, dead or non-human creatures as if they can hear or reply.

MUSICAL DEVICE.

The most
common way used by poet to make their poems musical is the use of repetition.
There are various kinds of repetition in poetry as follows.

[i] Alliteration. 
It is the repetition of initial identical consonant of lexical item in a
poetic line.

E.g.  

–Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers……………………………….   

-Your beautiful black blood that
irrigates the field……………………………       

[ii] Consonance. It is the repetition of final identical
consonant of lexical items in a poetic line.

Eg.  -Take
your pack and pick your pack.

[iii] Assonance.  It
is the repetition of a vowel sound of a lexical item in a poetic line.

Eg.     Mosses Supposes his toes are roses.

[iv] Reiteration. 
This refers to the repetition of words or phrases in a poetic line for
emphasis or rhythmic effect.

Eg.  – Land lord, land lord….

       –
Police,
police…………

[v] Parallelism.  It
is the repetition of line which has similar structures with the same similar
phrases. Consider the following example.

If you love one, you can’t have a
fun,

If you love two,
you can’t be true,

 If you love
three, you can’t be free,

If you love
four, what for?

[vi] Refrain.  It is
the repetition of a word, phrase, line or group of lines in specific position
of different stanzas in a poem. It is also called chorus especially in a song.
For example “Atieno yo” is a refrain of the poem A freedom song by Mcgoye
while “Front line” is a refrain of
the poem Front Line by George Shea.

[vii] Rhyme. This is the repetition of sound in different
words such that the words sound more or less a like (similar).

          E.g.                            “Ooh Ananda my dear
wife

                                             The dead never
come back home

                                            
But at least once in life

                                            
They visit us in dream”

          NB:       -The word wife rhymes with life.

                      
-The word home rhymes with dream.

DETAILED CHECKLIST.

[i] Setting.    Sometimes the poems indicate what is
expressed in them. Setting can be the time, place or situation in which the
poem happens.

[ii] General message. 
This is what the speaker is telling the audience. Hence, it is required
to explain the whole event, state or thought as told by the poet.

[iii] Theme. This is the central idea that the poet
intends to express.

[iv] Imagery. This is the creation of some mental picture
in the minds of the readers. Some of the types of imageries are tactile (touch)
imagery, Gustatory (taste) imagery, auditory (hearing) imagery, Olfactory
(smell) imagery, Visual (seeing) imagery, Kinetic (movement) imagery.

[v] Diction.  This
refers to the choice of words to achieve a certain effect. The poet may choose
the words to show whether the persona is educated or not or a member of upper
class or lower class. Consider the following last verse in the poem “Ballad of
the Landlord”

                      
Judge gives Negro 90 days in
county jail.

This shows
that the persona (Landlord) is a Whiteman.    

[vi] Tone.  This
refers to the use of language that reveals the attitude of the speaker. The
tone of the speaker can be easily identified (understood) by the use of his/her
diction. The tone can be of love, hatred, seriousness, contempt, sad, pity,
mockery, sarcasm, irony, satirical, exciting etc.

[vii] Mood.  This is
the feelings that a reader gets through the prevailing tone. In the end of a
poem, the reader becomes happy, angry, sad, sympathetic, depressed,
embarrassed, disappointed or excited.

PROCEDURES/METHODS USED TO ANALYZE THE POEM

When
analyzing poem consider the following

· Understand well the title of the poem: Understanding
the title of the poem makes a reader to predict the content of the poem. For
example, the title”Your pain” can be predicted that there is suffering as a
focus in the poem.

· Consider the form and type of the poem. Judge
whether the poem is Lyric, narrative, ballad etc. You have to state whether the
poem is Open (free verse), or closed.

· Consider the Tone of the poet. The attitude or
mood of the poet has great contribution to interpretation of a poem. The poet
determines whether the poet is angry, happy, sad, or serious.

· Consider the musical or sound features of a
poem. Consider Rhyme, Rhythm, alliteration or refrain. These features are very
important in poetry.

· Think about possible themes. Consider the
poets’ central idea of discussion. In the poem, there is one or more themes.

· Consider the message of a poem. The message
refers to what the poet wants the readers to know or do after reading the poem
e.g. avoid child labor, misuse of power etc.

· Consider the relevance of the poem. Look at
the issues/themes raised in the poem. Relate what you read in the poem with
what happens in your community.

·  Consider Language use. Study how the language
has been used in molding the poem. Consider diction (choice of words), symbols
and symbolism and the uses of figures of speech e.g. Metaphor, Simile,
personification etc.

· Comment on success or failure of the poet.
Check the use of language, presentation of message and themes etc.